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The Use of Preventive Prison in Chile

By
Mauricio Duce
2024-01-27T16:19:04+00:00March 14, 2022|
  • ENGLISH

  • ESPAÑOL

  • ENGLISH

Lately, the use of pre-trial detention has been present in the public debate in Chile, especially concerning those who have been called presos de la revuelta [prisoners of the revolt]. It presents us with an opportunity for a general analysis of what has happened using this precautionary measure in Chile.

The accusatory Code of Criminal Procedure of 2000 (CPP in Spanish), in its original version, sought to install a use of pre-trial detention based on “a precautionary paradigm”. In other words, it was an exceptional measure that could only be used in justified cases where there was a concrete need. It was thus an attempt to abandon the notion that prevailed under the previous inquisitorial system. In that system, pre-trial detention was a necessary and automatic consequence of proceedings against the accused, which strongly impacted its use. For example, the data available for 1987 show that 57% of the people in prison were unconvicted prisoners. It was serious. The logical approach in a state governed by the rule of law is that imprisoned people should be so because the majority of them have been convicted. For example, in Europe, several countries have rates of 20% or less. In the United States, it averages around 23%.

The change in logic introduced by the CPP responded to the need to make the legislation compatible with Chile’s international commitments. These instruments regulate preventive detention as described above. It requires rationalising the use of this norm. Thus, the legislator of the original CPP defined the cases where pre-trial detention was considered legitimate in a stricter manner. He established a design with various limits to transform this institution into a truly exceptional one, e.g., by introducing multiple alternatives to its use. These changes significantly impacted the system’s practice, which translated into positive statistical indicators. For example, in 2007,  the system was already in operation throughout the country. As a result, the number of unconvicted prisoners had dropped to 24.6% of the total number of people incarcerated. In a few years, the new system produced a rationalisation effect based on three fundamental indicators: the percentage of the total number of persons deprived of liberty, the absolute number of persons deprived of freedom and their rate per hundred thousand inhabitants.

Today the use of pre-trial detention is increasingly approaching that of the inquisitorial system, i.e., as a necessary consequence of the process. Figures from Gendarmería de Chile as of December 31st, 2021, show that the percentage of unconvicted prisoners had risen to 37.5% of the total number of prisoners.

How can we explain what happened? Several phenomena can be identified, three in particular.

Firstly, the legislator has introduced many reforms that have facilitated a less restrictive use of pre-trial detention. These include some direct reforms to the CPP rules that attempted to force a more automatic use of pre-trial detention for some instances. On the other hand, a set of legal reforms to regulations that produced increased penalties in specific offence categories, facilitating the use of pre-trial detention, for example, in property crimes. These changes can be regarded as a counter-reform in this area. It is complex, but the main one is that safety demands strongly pressured the political class. Faced with the inability to address the issue in a sophisticated way, the political class found in regulating this measure and increasing penalties a space to show that something was being done to improve the situation (without evidence-based diagnoses, incidentally).

A second phenomenon that explains these setbacks is that this measure has become the system’s primary punitive response from the citizens’ point of view. There is an enormous expectation that it will be used whenever a case perceived as severe or affecting the sensibilities of different groups arises. The function of punishment has been culturally replaced by preventive detention. A paradox emerges: those who advocate preventing the abusive use of this measure when used against them then demand it in cases of crimes that affect their causes or interests of the most diverse nature. If the system does not decree it, there will be strong public criticism pointing to impunity or corruption or a moral defect of the judges (usually associated with the notion of excessive “garantismo” [penal guarantees]. It is a phenomenon that is neither new nor exclusive to Chile.

Finally, behind these setbacks in the use of pre-trial detention, there are also other problems. They mainly relate to a decline in the work quality of the justice system. It occurs at various levels, for example, in the quality of the information used to discuss it, in the litigation of the system’s actors where we see a very mechanised and formal debate, in the justification of the measure when it is granted in court, among others.

We are facing a complex problem that has been very present for years. The renewed interest in this issue opens up an opportunity for significant systemic improvements projected over time. These include getting serious about rationalising the use of this measure, even if it hurts. It is achieved by changing some legal rules and thinking about improvements at the institutional level, especially by addressing social expectations.

Text editor: Gabriela Keseberg Dávalos

  • ESPAÑOL

El uso de la prisión preventiva en Chile

por Mauricio Duce, Espacio Público

El uso de la prisión preventiva ha estado presente en el debate público en Chile en el último tiempo, especialmente a partir de quienes han sido denominados como ¨presos de la revuelta¨. Esta preocupación es una oportunidad para un análisis general acerca de lo que ha ocurrido con el uso de esta medida cautelar en Chile.

El Código Procesal Penal acusatorio del año 2.000 (el CPP), en su versión original, pretendió instalar una concepción en el uso de la prisión preventiva basado en “un paradigma cautelar”.  Es decir, que se trata de una medida excepcional que sólo puede ser utilizada en casos justificados en los que exista una necesidad concreta. De esta forma, se intentó abandonar la noción que predominó bajo la vigencia del sistema inquisitivo previo. En éste, la prisión preventiva era una consecuencia necesaria y automática de la existencia de un proceso en contra del imputado, lo que tenía un fuerte impacto en su uso. Por ejemplo, los datos disponibles del año 1987 muestran que del total de personas presas, el 57% correspondía a presos sin condena. Esto era grave. Lo lógico en un estado de derecho es que la gente que esté presa lo sea debido a que muy mayoritariamente tenga la calidad de condenada. Por ejemplo, en Europa, varios países tienen tasas que se mueven en un rango de 20% o menos. En los Estados Unidos gira en torno al 23%.

El cambio de lógica introducido por el CPP obedeció a la necesidad de compatibilizar la legislación con los compromisos internacionales adquiridos por Chile. Estos instrumentos regulan la prisión preventiva en la lógica descrita. Ella imponía la necesidad de racionalizar el uso de esta norma. Así, el legislador del CPP original definió de manera más estricta los casos en que se consideraba legítimo utilizar a la prisión preventiva.  Estableció un diseño con diversos límites tendientes a transformar esta institución en una verdaderamente excepcional, por ejemplo, introduciendo diversas alternativas a su uso. Estos cambios tuvieron un impacto significativo en la práctica del sistema que se tradujo en indicadores estadísticos positivos. Por ejemplo, en el año 2007, en el que el sistema ya estaba funcionando en todo el país, los presos sin condena habían bajado a 24,6% del total de personas encarceladas. En pocos años el nuevo sistema fue capaz de producir un efecto de racionalización en base a tres indicadores básicos: el porcentaje dentro del total de las personas privadas de libertad, el número absoluto de privados de libertad y su tasa por cien mil habitantes.

Hoy el uso de  la prisión preventiva se acerca cada vez más a la del sistema inquisitivo, es decir, como una consecuencia necesaria del proceso. Las cifras de Gendarmería de Chile al 31 de diciembre de 2021 muestran que el porcentaje de presos sin condena había subido a un 37,5% del total de personas presas.

¿Cómo se explica lo ocurrido? Se pueden identificar varios fenómenos, tres en concreto.

En primer lugar, el legislador ha introducido diversas reformas que han facilitado un uso menos restrictivo de la prisión preventiva. Se trata de algunas reformas directas a las reglas del CPP que intentaron forzar un uso más automático de la prisión preventiva para ciertos casos. Por otra parte, de un conjunto de reformas legales a reglas que produjeron un aumento de las penas en ciertas categorías de delitos facilitando en ellos el uso la prisión preventiva, por ejemplo, en los delitos contra la propiedad. Estos cambios pueden ser considerados como una contrarreforma en la materia. Las razones de esta son complejas, pero la central es que la clase política estuvo fuertemente presionada por demandas de seguridad.  Frente a la incapacidad de abordar el tema de una manera sofisticada encontró en la regulación de esta medida y en el aumento de las penas un espacio en el que pudo mostrar que se hacían cosas para mejorar la situación (por cierto, sin diagnósticos basados en evidencia).

Un segundo fenómeno que explica los retrocesos es consecuencia de que esta medida se ha ido transformado en la principal respuesta punitiva del sistema desde el punto de vista de la ciudadanía.  Por lo mismo, existe una enorme expectativa de que sea utilizada cada vez que se presenta un caso percibido como grave o que afecte a una sensibilidad de a distintos grupos. La función de la pena ha sido reemplazada culturalmente por la prisión preventiva. Se produce una paradoja: los que abogan por evitar el uso abusivo de esta medida cuando se usa en contra de ellos, luego la exigen para los casos de los delitos que afectan a sus causas o intereses de la más diversa índole. Si el sistema no la decreta se formularán fuertes críticas públicas señalando que se ha generado impunidad o hay corrupción o de un defecto moral de los jueces (normalmente asociado a la noción del garantismo excesivo). Se trata de un fenómeno que no es nuevo ni menos exclusivo de Chile.

Finalmente, detrás de los retrocesos en el uso de la prisión preventiva hay también algunos problemas de pérdida de calidad de trabajo del sistema de justicia. Ellos se producen en varios niveles, por ejemplo, en la calidad de la información que se usa al discutirla, en el litigio de los actores del sistema en los que se aprecia un debate muy mecanizado y formal, en la fundamentación de la medida cuando ella es concedida en los tribunales, entre otras.

Estamos frente a un problema complejo que viene presentándose con intensidad hace años. El renovado interés en esta materia abre una oportunidad para introducir mejoras sistémicas significativas con capacidad de proyectarse en el tiempo. Ellas pasan por tomarnos en serio el objetivo de racionalizar el uso de esta medida, incluso hasta que nos duela. Eso no sólo se logra cambiando algunas reglas legales, sino pensando también en mejoras a nivel institucional y, especialmente, abordando las expectativas sociales.

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Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management in Mexico

Mexico is highly exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and extreme rainfall, with climate change further intensifying these risks. Disasters often have unequal impacts, with women, girls, indigenous and the LGBTQI+ population  facing heightened vulnerability due to structural inequalities, limited access to economic opportunities, exposure to violence, and the disproportionate burden of caregiving responsibilities. Despite evidence of these differentiated effects, there is still a lack of comprehensive data to fully capture their scope and duration. At the same time, Mexico is at a pivotal moment with the current administration prioritising gender equality and the National Centre for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED) preparing its first National Strategy for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (ENGIRD). This creates a unique opportunity to embed gender and intersectional perspectives into disaster policy and practice.

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https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_to_integrate_gender_perspective_in_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_for_integrating_the_gender_perspective_into_comprehensive_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

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