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Women in Peru: “We work more, we earn less”

By
Laura Amaya
2024-01-27T16:13:50+00:00May 3, 2022|
  • ENGLISH

  • SPANISH

  • ENGLISH

We all long for a day with more hours. We want to have more time for our activities, from playing sports to getting more sleep. Yet, no matter how organised we are, there are always more things to do. We hope for that moment when we will have “more time”. But is this perception of “not having enough time” shared by all Peruvians, or is it stronger among some population segments, such as women? A survey on the impact of the pandemic on women, commissioned to IEP by the Flora Tristán Peruvian Women’s Centre (2021), sheds some light. It looks at the use of time, a resource so highly valued by all, and how it represents yet another invisible factor of gender inequality.

When asked about the number of hours spent on different tasks during their day, we find that men spend an average of 6.9 hours a day doing an activity that generates income. In the case of women, they only spend 4 hours on what is considered paid work. On the other hand, when asked about time spent on housework (cooking, washing, cleaning, etc.), caring for other people or accompanying children in virtual lessons, the picture changes: women spend 7.5 hours per day on this type of unpaid work. Men only spend 3.7 hours on these more domestic tasks. If we count weekly hours, women spend twice as much time on household and care work: 52.8 hours versus 25.6 hours for men.

We do not have enough time, yet women spend 27 additional hours a week on unpaid work compared to men. Even though this trend was already common knowledge after the last National Time Use Survey (INEI, 2010), it has intensified with the Covid-19 pandemic. Now women, simply because they are women, take on greater responsibility at home, doing household chores and caring for children and vulnerable people.

The abovementioned 2021 survey concludes that in 82% of Peruvian households, a woman is responsible for most domestic and care work. These results reveal a gap that is notoriously detrimental to Peruvian women’s ability to increase their income and foster economic independence. So how can we achieve higher labour market insertion if women are overwhelmed by unpaid activities? How can they be more autonomous in a context where more women than men have had to stop working or studying to care for others? The playing field is tilted. These figures are likely to be even more daunting if we look at women in rural areas or those from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds.

Time for change

If we want to promote greater equality, we must start by changing this reality. It is no longer only about the famous wage gap (men earn more than women for doing the same work). It is about focusing on policies that help modify this unequal distribution of time use. We need greater access to job opportunities for women to engage in paid activities with employment benefits.

More and more men are increasing their time on care activities and housework. However, there is still a huge disproportion. It needs to be corrected. We can begin at home by educating children about gender equality, by challenging stereotypes that reinforce the idea that women should take on domestic and care work plus the burden of organising the household and distributing its tasks. It is unpaid, permanent and exhausting work.

Text editor: Gabriela Keseberg Dávalos

  • SPANISH

“Chambeamos más, ganamos menos”

por Laura Amaya, IEP

Vivimos anhelando que el día tenga más horas para así poder hacer todas las actividades que quisiéramos, desde practicar algún deporte hasta dormir un poco más. Y es que, por más organizados que seamos, siempre hay asuntos pendientes que dejamos para después, para cuando haya “más tiempo”. En ese sentido, vale la pena preguntarnos si esta percepción de que el tiempo no nos alcanza es compartida de la misma manera por todos en nuestro país o si se acentúa en algunos segmentos poblacionales más que en otros como, por ejemplo, en las mujeres. Los resultados de la encuesta sobre los impactos de la pandemia en las mujeres, encargada al IEP por el Centro de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán (2021), muestran resultados que llevan a más de una reflexión respecto a cómo el uso del tiempo, recurso tan valorado por todos, representa un factor más de desigualdad de género que es pertinente visibilizar.

Cuando se les pregunta a las personas por la cantidad de horas que destinan a distintas tareas a lo largo de su día se obtiene que los hombres dedican en promedio 6,9 horas diarias a realizar una actividad que les genere algún tipo de ingreso. En el caso de las mujeres solo se destinan 4 horas a lo que vendría a considerarse un trabajo remunerado. Por el contrario, cuando se pregunta por el tiempo invertido en realizar las labores de la casa (cocinar, lavar, limpiar, etc.), cuidar a otras personas o acompañar a menores en sus clases virtuales, el panorama es completamente diferente: las mujeres destinamos en promedio 7,5 horas de nuestro día a este tipo de trabajo no remunerado, a diferencia de los hombres, que solo invierten 3,7 horas a estas tareas más domésticas. Si contabilizamos el tiempo semanal, las mujeres invertimos el doble que los hombres en labores domésticas y de cuidado: 52,8 horas versus las 25,6 de los hombres. Efectivamente, el tiempo no nos alcanza, pero a las mujeres menos: destinamos 27 horas semanales más que los hombres al trabajo no remunerado. Y aunque esta tendencia ya se veía reflejada en la última Encuesta nacional de uso de tiempo (INEI, 2010), parece haberse intensificado con la pandemia por el covid-19 en la medida que la mujer, por su simple condición de ser mujer, ha tenido que asumir una mayor responsabilidad en el hogar, las tareas de la casa y el cuidado de los hijos y personas vulnerables.

La misma encuesta concluye que en 82% de los hogares peruanos es una mujer quien se encarga de la mayor carga doméstica y de cuidados, a diferencia del 16% que señala que es un hombre el principal responsable de estas tareas. Claramente estos resultados dan cuenta de una brecha que perjudica notoriamente a las mujeres peruanas en su capacidad para aumentar sus ingresos y en fomentar su independencia económica. ¿Cómo lograr una mayor inserción laboral si están más ocupadas en actividades no remuneradas? ¿Cómo conseguir que sean más autónomas, en un contexto donde han sido más mujeres que hombres las que han tenido que dejar de trabajar o estudiar para dedicarse a cuidar a otros debido a la pandemia? La cancha está inclinada, y es probable que estas cifras sean más desalentadoras todavía si miramos a las mujeres en el ámbito rural o a las de niveles socioeconómicos más desfavorecidos.

Si queremos fomentar mayor igualdad, debemos empezar por cambiar esta realidad. Ya no se trata solo de la famosa brecha salarial (por la cual los hombres ganan más que las mujeres por hacer exactamente el mismo trabajo), sino de enfocar políticas que ayuden a modificar esta distribución desigual en el uso del tiempo y que se traduzcan en un mayor acceso a oportunidades laborales para las mujeres que les permitan ocuparse en actividades remuneradas con los beneficios laborales que ello implica.

Es probable que en los últimos años sean cada vez más los hombres que destinan más tiempo a actividades de cuidado y labores domésticas. No obstante, todavía hay una desproporción que es preciso corregir. Empecemos por casa, educando a los niños y niñas en igualdad de género y combatiendo estereotipos que refuercen la idea de que la mujer es quien no solo debe asumir las tareas domésticas y de cuidado, sino además la carga mental que implica el organizar el hogar y distribuir sus tareas. Ese también es un trabajo no remunerado, permanente y agotador.

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  • The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Work and Education in Peru

  • How COVID-19 has accelerated the future of work

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  • Measuring of Progress of Decent Work to Support the MDGs and Post-MDGs



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  • The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Work and Education in Peru

  • How COVID-19 has accelerated the future of work

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Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management in Mexico

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https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_to_integrate_gender_perspective_in_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_for_integrating_the_gender_perspective_into_comprehensive_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

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