Skip to content
  • OUR WORK
    • Articles
    • Publications
    • Initiatives
      • Southern Voice on Global Development
      • Global South Perspectives
      • Equity in Research for Development
      • Ed-tech
      • Young Think Tankers
      • Digital Transformation
      • Our Common Agenda
      • Peace & Inclusive Institutions
      • Rethinking Development Effectiveness
      • Covid-19
    • Conference
      • São Paulo 2025
      • Nairobi 2023
    • News
    • Events
  • ABOUT
    • About Southern Voice
    • What we do
    • Regions
      • Global
      • Africa
      • Asia
      • Latin America & Caribbean
    • Network Members
    • How to join
    • Steering Committee
    • Secretariat
  • SUBSCRIBE

RELATED POSTS

  • Argentina and Chile: non-compliance with quarantine and criminal sanctions

    Both governments resorted to quarantine to stop the virus from spreading and sought the population’s compliance by threatening with criminal…

  • Think Tanks from the Global South contribute to Think 20 Argentina 2018

    A fresh round of the Think 20 (T20) to generate public policy proposals for the G20 under the Argentine presidency…

  • Eugenia Kayitesi joins FfD3 side event on domestic resource mobilisation and SDGs

    Eugenia Kayitesi, Executive Director, IPAR-Rwanda, joined a special side-event on the margins of the Third International Conference on Financing for…

  • View Larger Image

Essential but unrecognised: paid domestic workers and the pandemic in Argentina

By
Juan Camisassa
Florencia Caro Sachetti
2022-08-02T16:15:33+00:00May 23, 2022|
  • ENGLISH

  • SPANISH

  • ENGLISH

It is impossible to imagine a world where there is no one to carry out the daily chores of life, such as caring for a baby or cleaning the house. With women’s increased participation in the labour force, the time available to perform these tasks is less. Hence, households turn to other people (women) to perform them: family members – grandmothers, aunts – or even paid domestic workers.

Despite their vital role in household functioning, domestic workers are undervalued in Argentina. Work in private homes is the most informal branch of activity. It is also the most affected by the pandemic crisis, the most feminised and the lowest paid. It is the ultimate example of the well-known gender gaps in the labour market.

In addition to being precarious, domestic work is stratified by income. Households with more resources can outsource care to the market by hiring domestic workers, while those who do not have this possibility resort to adjusting mechanisms. Women from lower-income households have to leave the labour market to devote themselves to care or delegate these unpaid tasks to other women in the family. Thus, socio-economic inequalities are reproduced. It generates a vicious circle between care, poverty, inequality and precariousness.

For an inclusive socio-economic recovery, it is crucial to revalue the domestic workers’ contribution to our societies and rethink social organisation.

Before and after: domestic workers during the pandemic

In 2019, working in the private household sector was the largest women’s employer. It accounted for 17% of the female labour force. It also had the highest rates of informality (75%) and feminisation (95%) and the lowest wages in the entire labour market.

The eruption of COVID-19 in early 2020 resulted in an abrupt cessation of economic activity. Like the rest of the workforce, domestic workers were covered by the dismissal bans implemented by the national government. However, their high rates of informality left the vast majority exposed to an increased risk of job loss.

Between the first quarter of 2020 and the first quarter of 2021, 433,000 domestic workers lost their jobs. This fall peaked at more than 500,000 in the second quarter of 2020. The data reflect two simultaneous phenomena: paid domestic work was the hardest hit by the pandemic, and it is the slowest to recover. The 433,000 jobs lost are almost twice the number of jobs lost in hotels and restaurants, the second most affected sector. Regarding the pace of recovery, the situation at the beginning of 2021 showed a recovery of just 18% compared to the second quarter of 2020. All this in a context in which the aggregate level of employment was already similar to those of the pre-pandemic period.

In response to this scenario, the Argentine state implemented various policies to contain the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic. These benefited domestic workers. Among the measures was the launching of the Registered Programme. It is an initiative covering six months of between 30 and 50% of the salary for new domestic workers whose employers formally registered their employment relationship.

Yet, the efforts were not enough to contain the crisis’ consequences. In the second half of 2020, poverty among employed women reached 27%. But among domestic workers, it rose to 56%. It represented a year-on-year increase of nine percentage points.

Towards an inclusive and rights-based recovery

Argentina’s legislation on paid domestic employment brings the sector’s conditions to an equal level with other formal workers. The minimum wage, compulsory social security affiliation and the binding written contract make Argentina’s regulation of domestic employment one of the most important ones in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Despite the remarkable regulatory architecture, the current scenario is indicative of the magnitude of the challenges ahead. So what can we do in the immediate term to fulfil the labour rights of domestic workers?

  1. Strengthen labour inspection policies to verify compliance with current regulations and promote registration.
  2. Reducing the wage gap between domestic workers and other occupations.
  3. Promote collective representation of domestic workers, a vital means of strengthening their access to information and advancing their demands.
  4. Raise awareness and inform the public through mass campaigns about the labour rights of women workers and employers’ obligations.

These measures must be framed within a broader goal: to promote a new social organisation of care. To this end, it is vital to continue making progress in constructing a comprehensive care system based on three pillars.

The first pillar must guarantee time for care through universal and equitable leave schemes.

The second one requires providing resources to care for the households by strengthening transfers to families with children.

The third is to increase the provision of care services by expanding the coverage of quality care, education and parenting spaces.

Thus, a comprehensive care system can recognise, reduce and redistribute unpaid care and domestic work while promoting representation and adequately rewarding paid domestic workers.

  • SPANISH

Esenciales, pero no reconocidas: trabajadoras domésticas remuneradas y la pandemia en Argentina

por Juan Camisassa y Florencia Caro Sachetti

Una versión más larga de este artículo fue originalmente publicada por CIPPEC.

Es imposible imaginar un mundo en el cual no exista quien realice las tareas cotidianas de la vida, como cuidar a un/a bebé o limpiar la casa. Con el incremento en la participación laboral de las mujeres, la disponibilidad de tiempo para realizar estas tareas se redujo y los hogares recurren a otras personas (mujeres) para su ejecución: familiares -abuelas, tías- o, también, trabajadoras domésticas remuneradas.

Pese a su papel vital en el funcionamiento de los hogares, las trabajadoras domésticas se encuentran desvalorizadas en Argentina. El trabajo en casas particulares es la rama de actividad con mayor informalidad, la más afectada por la crisis de la pandemia, la más feminizada y la de menores remuneraciones. Es el ejemplo máximo de las ya conocidas brechas de género en el mercado laboral.

Además de precarizado, el esquema del trabajo doméstico está estratificado por ingresos. Los hogares con mayores recursos pueden tercerizar el cuidado en el mercado a través de la contratación de trabajadoras domésticas, mientras que aquellos que no tienen esa posibilidad apelan a mecanismos de adaptación. Las mujeres de hogares con menores ingresos se ven forzadas a salir del mercado de trabajo para dedicarse al cuidado o a delegar en otras mujeres de la familia estas tareas sin remuneración. Así, las desigualdades socioeconómicas se reproducen. Esto genera un círculo vicioso entre cuidados, pobreza, desigualdad y precariedad.

Por ende, revalorizar la contribución que hacen las trabajadoras domésticas a nuestras sociedades y repensar la organización social del cuidado es crucial para lograr una recuperación socioeconómica inclusiva.

Antes y después: las trabajadoras domésticas durante la pandemia

En el 2019, el trabajo en casas particulares era el sector que más mujeres empleaba, concentrando al 17% de la fuerza laboral femenina. Además, presentaba los índices más altos de informalidad (75%) y feminización (95%), y las remuneraciones más bajas de todo el mercado de trabajo.

La irrupción del COVID-19 a principios de 2020 tuvo como consecuencia un cese abrupto de la actividad económica. Al igual que el resto de la fuerza laboral, las trabajadoras domésticas quedaron contempladas por las prohibiciones de despido que implementó el gobierno nacional. No obstante, sus altas tasas de informalidad dejaban a la gran mayoría expuestas a un alto riesgo de perder su trabajo.

Entre el primer trimestre de 2020 y el primero de 2021, 433 mil trabajadoras domésticas perdieron su empleo. Esta caída alcanzó un pico de más de 500 mil durante el segundo trimestre de 2020. Los datos reflejan dos fenómenos en simultáneo: el trabajo doméstico remunerado fue el más golpeado por la pandemia y, además, es el que más lento se recupera. Los 433 mil puestos perdidos representan casi el doble que los empleos perdidos en hoteles y restaurantes, la segunda rama de actividad más afectada. En lo que hace al ritmo de reactivación, la situación a inicios de 2021 evidenciaba una recuperación de apenas el 18% con respecto al segundo trimestre de 2020. Esto en un contexto en el que el nivel agregado de empleo ya se encontraba en valores similares a los de la prepandemia.

Ante este escenario, el Estado argentino implementó diversas políticas para contener los impactos socioeconómicos de la pandemia. Éstas beneficiaron a las trabajadoras domésticas. Las medidas incluyeron el lanzamiento del Programa Registradas. Se trata de una iniciativa que cubría entre el 30 y el 50% del sueldo durante seis meses a las nuevas trabajadoras de casas particulares cuyos/as empleadores/as registraran formalmente el vínculo laboral.

Sin embargo, los esfuerzos no fueron suficientes para contener las consecuencias de la crisis. En el segundo semestre de 2020, mientras que la pobreza entre las mujeres ocupadas alcanzaba el 27%, en las trabajadoras domésticas trepaba a 56%. Esto representaba un aumento interanual de nuve puntos porcentuales.

Por una recuperación inclusiva y con derechos

La legislación argentina sobre el empleo doméstico remunerado equipara las condiciones del sector con las del resto de los/as trabajadores/as formales. El salario mínimo, la afiliación obligatoria a la seguridad social y el contrato escrito obligatorio sitúan a la regulación argentina del empleo doméstico como una de las más importantes de América Latina y el Caribe.

Pese a la destacable arquitectura normativa, el escenario actual da cuenta de la magnitud de los desafíos pendientes. ¿Qué podemos hacer en lo inmediato para cumplir con los derechos laborales de las trabajadoras domésticas?

  1. Fortalecer las políticas de inspección laboral para verificar el cumplimiento de la normativa vigente e impulsar la registración.
  2. Reducir la brecha salarial entre las trabajadoras domésticas y el resto de las ocupaciones.
  3. Impulsar la representación colectiva de las trabajadoras domésticas, vital para fortalecer su acceso a la información y elevar sus reclamos.
  4. Sensibilizar e informar mediante campañas masivas que den a conocer los derechos laborales de las trabajadoras y las obligaciones de los/as empleadores/as.

Estas medidas deben enmarcarse dentro de un objetivo más amplio: impulsar una nueva organización social del cuidado. Para ello, es importante seguir avanzando en la construcción de un sistema integral de cuidados basado en tres pilares.

El primero debe garantizar tiempo para cuidar a través de regímenes de licencias universales y equitativos.

El segundo pilar requiere otorgar recursos para cuidar a los hogares, fortaleciendo las transferencias a la niñez.

El tercero debe aumentar la provisión de servicios de cuidado, ampliando la cobertura de los espacios de crianza, enseñanza y cuidado de calidad.

Así, un sistema integral de cuidados puede reconocer, reducir y redistribuir el trabajo doméstico y de cuidado no remunerado, mientras promueve la representación y recompensa de manera adecuada a las trabajadoras domésticas asalariadas.

RELATED POSTS

  • Argentina and Chile: non-compliance with quarantine and criminal sanctions

    Both governments resorted to quarantine to stop the virus from spreading and sought the population’s compliance by threatening with criminal…

  • Think Tanks from the Global South contribute to Think 20 Argentina 2018

    A fresh round of the Think 20 (T20) to generate public policy proposals for the G20 under the Argentine presidency…

  • Eugenia Kayitesi joins FfD3 side event on domestic resource mobilisation and SDGs

    Eugenia Kayitesi, Executive Director, IPAR-Rwanda, joined a special side-event on the margins of the Third International Conference on Financing for…

Share this Story

FacebookTwitterLinkedIn

RELATED POSTS

  • Argentina and Chile: non-compliance with quarantine and criminal sanctions

    Both governments resorted to quarantine to stop the virus from spreading and sought the population’s compliance by threatening with criminal…

  • Think Tanks from the Global South contribute to Think 20 Argentina 2018

    A fresh round of the Think 20 (T20) to generate public policy proposals for the G20 under the Argentine presidency…

  • Eugenia Kayitesi joins FfD3 side event on domestic resource mobilisation and SDGs

    Eugenia Kayitesi, Executive Director, IPAR-Rwanda, joined a special side-event on the margins of the Third International Conference on Financing for…



Careers

Contact Us

info@southernvoice.org | Privacy Policy

Southern perspectives.

Global debates.

RELATED POSTS

  • Argentina and Chile: non-compliance with quarantine and criminal sanctions

    Both governments resorted to quarantine to stop the virus from spreading and sought the population’s compliance by threatening with criminal…

  • Think Tanks from the Global South contribute to Think 20 Argentina 2018

    A fresh round of the Think 20 (T20) to generate public policy proposals for the G20 under the Argentine presidency…

  • Eugenia Kayitesi joins FfD3 side event on domestic resource mobilisation and SDGs

    Eugenia Kayitesi, Executive Director, IPAR-Rwanda, joined a special side-event on the margins of the Third International Conference on Financing for…

Page load link
Southern Voice Logo

Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management in Mexico

Mexico is highly exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and extreme rainfall, with climate change further intensifying these risks. Disasters often have unequal impacts, with women, girls, indigenous and the LGBTQI+ population  facing heightened vulnerability due to structural inequalities, limited access to economic opportunities, exposure to violence, and the disproportionate burden of caregiving responsibilities. Despite evidence of these differentiated effects, there is still a lack of comprehensive data to fully capture their scope and duration. At the same time, Mexico is at a pivotal moment with the current administration prioritising gender equality and the National Centre for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED) preparing its first National Strategy for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (ENGIRD). This creates a unique opportunity to embed gender and intersectional perspectives into disaster policy and practice.

ETHOS’ efforts are geared toward strengthening women’s resilience to disasters in Mexico, particularly hurricanes, through the mainstreaming of gender in the ENGIRD. This will enable women to better prevent, respond to, and recover from disasters. The project assesses the distinct impacts of disasters on women, adolescents, and girls, with a focus on hurricanes affecting Acapulco, Guerrero. It also equips decision-makers with practical recommendations, drawing on evidence gathered through in-depth interviews and surveys. Ultimately, the project seeks to generate gender-disaggregated data on disaster impacts to inform specific action lines within the ENGIRD, and to guide future policy development.

For more information, please visit:

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_to_integrate_gender_perspective_in_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_for_integrating_the_gender_perspective_into_comprehensive_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/columnas/disaster_management_with_a_gender_perspective_a_historic_debt

Assessing Care Work Skills in Peru, Ecuador and Uruguay

In Latin America, caregiving has long been undervalued, with women carrying most of the responsibility both within households and in paid care roles. Despite the sector’s scale, working conditions are often poor, and opportunities for professional growth remain limited. Regional care agendas have therefore prioritised reducing the burden on women, redistributing caregiving tasks, and revaluing care work by transforming it into dignified, well-paid employment. Within this framework, Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) programmes are particularly important, as they shape children’s development while relying heavily on women caregivers. Strengthening certification systems in this workforce offers a pathway to increased recognition, professionalisation, and improved quality of care.

For this project, the Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE – Perú) and the Fundación para el Avance de las Reformas y Oportunidades (FARO – Ecuador) teams are working to enhance recognition of female caregivers’ critical roles, improve their working conditions, and expand certification programmes to create pathways to decent employment and career growth. The project contributes to regional knowledge by providing evidence on caregivers’ perspectives regarding the value of certification for their employment and well-being. It also offers a comparative analysis across Peru, Uruguay, and Ecuador, examining the characteristics, achievements, and obstacles of skill certification processes in ECEC programmes. By engaging stakeholders and disseminating findings across these countries, the project embeds a gender-sensitive approach into certification, aiming not only to improve care quality, but also to support women’s educational and professional trajectories.

Project video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fuSEpdHRnUVo3DTaNN6fGR4-59Q_bF3t/view?usp=sharing

Synthesising Evidence for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Senegal

Across Senegal, women entrepreneurs play a vital role in driving innovation, creating jobs, and supporting communities. Yet, their potential remains constrained by systemic barriers that make it harder to start and grow businesses. 

Challenges such as limited access to finance, markets, and professional networks, alongside entrenched social norms, continue to limit opportunities. Recognising this, the Government of Senegal has placed women’s entrepreneurship firmly on the national development agenda, seeking to strengthen existing support systems and craft more responsive policies. Initiative Prospective Agricole et Rural (IPAR – Senegal)’s efforts are geared towards strengthening the economic empowerment of women entrepreneurs in agriculture and other sectors in Senegal, through the implementation of supportive public policies informed by data. IPAR researchers have been working to understand with precision 1) the profile of women entrepreneurs in Senegal, particularly in agriculture, and 2) the systemic barriers they face, and their needs in terms of entrepreneurial development (such as financing, training, access to markets etc). Collaborating closely with the relevant government stakeholders, the team aims to inform the implementation of the country’s strategy in favour of entrepreneurship.

Creating Care Solutions for Women’s Economic Growth in Guinea-Bissau

In rural Guinea-Bissau, women play a central role in both household responsibilities and agricultural labour, particularly in the cashew sector, which drives the national economy. Yet, their productivity and economic empowerment are constrained by the heavy burden of unpaid care work and by the scarcity of childcare services. During harvest seasons, women often bring young children to the fields, affecting both their work and their children’s safety. This project explores an innovative childcare model tailored to rural realities, and designed to free women’s time, support their livelihoods, and strengthen early childhood development. By linking gender equity with economic productivity, the initiative aims to generate lasting benefits for both families and communities.

The Bissau Economics Lab (BELAB) team is working to reduce the time women in rural Guinea-Bissau spend on unpaid care work, while increasing their economic productivity and income. By expanding and improving childcare provision, the project also aims to strengthen children’s health and cognitive development. To this end, the team is piloting an extended preschool day to assess its effects on children’s attendance, women’s time use, mental health, and employment. They are also testing implementation strategies and identifying factors that enable or hinder effective early childhood development programmes. Ultimately, the project contributes to global knowledge on rethinking childcare in low-resource rural areas, particularly where agricultural demands shape daily life.

Designing Curriculum Pathways for Indonesian Girls in STEM

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education is essential for nurturing future-ready talent and opportunities in a digital and technology-driven economic landscape. It is a cornerstone of the country’s “Golden Indonesia” vision to build strong human resources and foster innovation to drive sustainable development. However, persistent gender disparities remain. While many women pursue higher education, they are less likely to choose STEM fields or continue into STEM careers. 

This gap is shaped by a combination of factors, including cultural expectations, limited early exposure to STEM subjects, and the perception that these fields are traditionally male-dominated. Schools play a crucial role in shifting this narrative and encourage more girls to pursue and excel in STEM-related subjects. 

This project seeks to advance gender equity in STEM education in Indonesia. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (CIPS) researchers are working with secondary school leaders to encourage female student interests and achievements in STEM subjects in order to increase more women to join STEM fields at the higher education level; while also contributing to the existing body of knowledge on gender equity within the country.

By engaging with local governments, school teachers, and consulting gender experts, the team aims to uncover the root causes of underrepresentation, map and identify barriers to entry, and develop practical teaching guidelines for gender-sensitive educational instruction in secondary school classrooms. The project envisions a future where teachers actively integrate gender-responsive learning principles into their classroom materials, and government staff at all levels prioritise and support schools in adopting gender-sensitive approaches that foster more girls and women enter into STEM fields.

Advancing Gender-Equitable Politics in Pakistan

Politics in Pakistan has long been considered a male-dominated sphere, despite women comprising nearly half of the population. Globally, women hold only about a quarter of political positions, and in Pakistan, their representation within party decision-making structures is even more limited.

While quotas have helped increase the number of women in parliament, their voices within party leadership remain minimal. Women’s divisions within parties are often inactive and guided by male-dominated agendas, leaving women sidelined from the very spaces where key decisions are made. Addressing this political inequality, which sits at the root of many other gender gaps, is therefore critical.

This Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) project aims to foster a more gender-equitable political environment by advocating for increased representation of women in party leadership and in decision-making. Through research, policy briefs, and media advocacy, it will highlight the barriers women face and propose concrete reforms to strengthen their roles.

Knowledge-sharing platforms such as consultations, workshops, and partnerships with parliamentarians, civil society, and women’s rights bodies will help build consensus. The ultimate vision is to secure legislative change that institutionalises women’s voices within political parties, paving the way for more gender inclusive governance in Pakistan.

Go to Top