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Gender gaps in Peru: The effects of rapid digitalisation on tertiary-level education during the COVID-19 pandemic

By
José Burneo
Roxana Barrantes
Danna Duffó
2022-10-18T18:21:50+00:00June 7, 2022|
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In Peru, the transition of public education from in-person schooling to online classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic has presented challenges for students, teachers, and state officials. This study explores the difficulties of this process and its repercussions, the goal of which is to better understand the situation of public universities throughout the pandemic, specifically in the case of female students. 

Researchers used a qualitative methodological approach with interviews and focus groups, conducted in three different phases: the exploratory phase, the in-depth phase with students, and the phase with administrative authorities. We noted the existence of gaps that affect the entire student population and that are associated with pre-existing inequalities in two areas: (i) access to and use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT); and (ii) women’s performance at public university institutions given differences in the distribution of domestic roles and gender violence in virtual spaces. Change in class schedules, from later in the day to early in the morning was a common strategy used in the former case to mitigate inequalities. In the latter case, inequalities directly affected participation, given that they led to class desertion. 

The development of future public policies requires a focus that takes into account the structural inequalities that span the experience of online classes and the thematic inequalities associated with gender and its impact on studying conditions for women. 

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En el Perú, la transición de la educación pública de la modalidad presencial a la digital, a raíz de la pandemia del COVID-19, ha presentado retos para estudiantes, docentes y funcionarios estatales. Este estudio explora las dificultades de este proceso y sus impactos, con el objetivo de comprender mejor la situación de la educación de tercer nivel pública durante la pandemia, particularmente para las estudiantes mujeres. 

El estudio utilizó una metodología cualitativa, con entrevistas y grupos focales que se aplicaron en tres momentos: la etapa exploratoria, la etapa de profundización con las y los estudiantes, y la etapa de trabajo con las autoridades. Constatamos la existencia de brechas que afectan a toda la población estudiantil, asociadas a desigualdades preexistentes en dos campos: (i) el acceso y uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC), y (ii) el desempeño de las mujeres en la educación de tercer nivel pública, debido a diferencias en la distribución de roles en el hogar y la violencia de género en los espacios virtuales. Entre las estrategias utilizadas para mitigar las desigualdades, en el primer caso destaca el cambio de los horarios de clases: de asistir durante el día a hacerlo en las madrugadas; en el segundo caso, las desigualdades afectaron directamente la participación, pues generaron el abandono de cursos. 

La elaboración de futuras políticas públicas demanda un enfoque que tome en cuenta las desigualdades estructurales que median la experiencia educativa a distancia, así como las desigualdades temáticas asociadas al género y su impacto en las condiciones de estudio de las mujeres. 

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RELATED POSTS

  • The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Work and Education in Peru

  • Peru: gender gaps in digital higher education during the pandemic

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    The study recommends overarching policy reforms to improve digital access for girls.

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RELATED POSTS

  • The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Work and Education in Peru

  • Peru: gender gaps in digital higher education during the pandemic

    An emerging challenge to "leave no one behind" in digital education involves implementing a gender approach.

  • Digitalisation of secondary school education in Delhi during the COVID-19 pandemic: How does gender factor in?

    The study recommends overarching policy reforms to improve digital access for girls.



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RELATED POSTS

  • The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Work and Education in Peru

  • Peru: gender gaps in digital higher education during the pandemic

    An emerging challenge to "leave no one behind" in digital education involves implementing a gender approach.

  • Digitalisation of secondary school education in Delhi during the COVID-19 pandemic: How does gender factor in?

    The study recommends overarching policy reforms to improve digital access for girls.

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Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management in Mexico

Mexico is highly exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and extreme rainfall, with climate change further intensifying these risks. Disasters often have unequal impacts, with women, girls, indigenous and the LGBTQI+ population  facing heightened vulnerability due to structural inequalities, limited access to economic opportunities, exposure to violence, and the disproportionate burden of caregiving responsibilities. Despite evidence of these differentiated effects, there is still a lack of comprehensive data to fully capture their scope and duration. At the same time, Mexico is at a pivotal moment with the current administration prioritising gender equality and the National Centre for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED) preparing its first National Strategy for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (ENGIRD). This creates a unique opportunity to embed gender and intersectional perspectives into disaster policy and practice.

ETHOS’ efforts are geared toward strengthening women’s resilience to disasters in Mexico, particularly hurricanes, through the mainstreaming of gender in the ENGIRD. This will enable women to better prevent, respond to, and recover from disasters. The project assesses the distinct impacts of disasters on women, adolescents, and girls, with a focus on hurricanes affecting Acapulco, Guerrero. It also equips decision-makers with practical recommendations, drawing on evidence gathered through in-depth interviews and surveys. Ultimately, the project seeks to generate gender-disaggregated data on disaster impacts to inform specific action lines within the ENGIRD, and to guide future policy development.

For more information, please visit:

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_to_integrate_gender_perspective_in_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_for_integrating_the_gender_perspective_into_comprehensive_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/columnas/disaster_management_with_a_gender_perspective_a_historic_debt

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Project video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fuSEpdHRnUVo3DTaNN6fGR4-59Q_bF3t/view?usp=sharing

Synthesising Evidence for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Senegal

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Challenges such as limited access to finance, markets, and professional networks, alongside entrenched social norms, continue to limit opportunities. Recognising this, the Government of Senegal has placed women’s entrepreneurship firmly on the national development agenda, seeking to strengthen existing support systems and craft more responsive policies. Initiative Prospective Agricole et Rural (IPAR – Senegal)’s efforts are geared towards strengthening the economic empowerment of women entrepreneurs in agriculture and other sectors in Senegal, through the implementation of supportive public policies informed by data. IPAR researchers have been working to understand with precision 1) the profile of women entrepreneurs in Senegal, particularly in agriculture, and 2) the systemic barriers they face, and their needs in terms of entrepreneurial development (such as financing, training, access to markets etc). Collaborating closely with the relevant government stakeholders, the team aims to inform the implementation of the country’s strategy in favour of entrepreneurship.

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The Bissau Economics Lab (BELAB) team is working to reduce the time women in rural Guinea-Bissau spend on unpaid care work, while increasing their economic productivity and income. By expanding and improving childcare provision, the project also aims to strengthen children’s health and cognitive development. To this end, the team is piloting an extended preschool day to assess its effects on children’s attendance, women’s time use, mental health, and employment. They are also testing implementation strategies and identifying factors that enable or hinder effective early childhood development programmes. Ultimately, the project contributes to global knowledge on rethinking childcare in low-resource rural areas, particularly where agricultural demands shape daily life.

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This gap is shaped by a combination of factors, including cultural expectations, limited early exposure to STEM subjects, and the perception that these fields are traditionally male-dominated. Schools play a crucial role in shifting this narrative and encourage more girls to pursue and excel in STEM-related subjects. 

This project seeks to advance gender equity in STEM education in Indonesia. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (CIPS) researchers are working with secondary school leaders to encourage female student interests and achievements in STEM subjects in order to increase more women to join STEM fields at the higher education level; while also contributing to the existing body of knowledge on gender equity within the country.

By engaging with local governments, school teachers, and consulting gender experts, the team aims to uncover the root causes of underrepresentation, map and identify barriers to entry, and develop practical teaching guidelines for gender-sensitive educational instruction in secondary school classrooms. The project envisions a future where teachers actively integrate gender-responsive learning principles into their classroom materials, and government staff at all levels prioritise and support schools in adopting gender-sensitive approaches that foster more girls and women enter into STEM fields.

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While quotas have helped increase the number of women in parliament, their voices within party leadership remain minimal. Women’s divisions within parties are often inactive and guided by male-dominated agendas, leaving women sidelined from the very spaces where key decisions are made. Addressing this political inequality, which sits at the root of many other gender gaps, is therefore critical.

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