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The need for quality open data for citizens

By
Lucía De Zan
Natalia Aquilino
Emiliano Arena
2024-01-27T16:10:31+00:00June 6, 2022|
  • ENGLISH

  • ESPAÑOL

  • ENGLISH

The pandemic management dramatically increased the demand for public information. People not only wanted but also demanded to understand what was going on. They wanted to analyse whether the measures taken by governments were yielding the expected results. Governments, in turn, needed this information to make effective decisions considering the impact on other areas, such as employment, the economy and access to education, to name a few. Thus, the benefits of data openness (and the need for it) were clear to everyone: Making quality public information available to citizens was paramount. It allowed them to understand and judge the actions taken by governments while promoting quality evidence-based decision making.

What are the implications of quality public data openness?

Sporadically publishing a graph or report with some data on the web, using a given format, isn’t enough. If we seek to improve confidence in public policies and governments, the information presented to citizens must necessarily be easy to access. It must be free from restrictions and updated frequently, delivered in open formats so everyone can download the information and use it. Besides, it needs to be disaggregated by certain variables to be better understood and easy to compare and analyse.

In “Our Common Agenda”, the UN Secretary-General explains that the pandemic is a turning point. It has evidenced the pressing need to rebuild citizens’ trust in the State and its capacity to respond to everyday problems. Public data openness is vital to creating trust. So is quality. To understand our current situation and improve areas in public data openness, CIPPEC conducted a study on the publication of information regarding the pandemic in three Latin American federal countries (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico), including their subnational governments. This study taught us a few lessons that may contribute to an open data strategy.

Argentina, Brazil and Mexico

First, both national and subnational governments are publishing COVID-19 open data. As mentioned above, people demanded to be informed, and governments responded accordingly. This experience should provide evidence that states have, to a larger or lesser extent, the capacity to collect, systematise and publish public information. Therefore, the time has come to demand greater data openness in other public interest areas that became dramatically relevant beyond this specific scenario. It is essential to apply the lessons and practices learned to collect information. It is the case for other diseases, the employment situation (particularly in the informal sector), gender issues, the capacity to access technology, education, Internet access, housing issues (such as overcrowding), access to drinking water and proximity to healthcare facilities, to name a few.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Second, some asymmetries were found among national publications, which are also observed compared to the subnational level. Going back to our description of quality public data (accessible, timely, disaggregated and reusable-format information), we have drawn a few conclusions from this analysis. While all states publish information, no standardised criteria are used across different countries or provinces. It is a problem. Users cannot see the whole picture in one jurisdiction and country-wide and against other countries. If we are to overcome these differences, the State should develop a federal open data policy. That way, subnational and national governments’ capabilities could produce, systematise and publish data.

Lack of open data quality standards

From a broader perspective, it is not possible to find standardisation in these portals, either in terms of the formats used or the published data. The structure of web pages, the construction of the variables analysed, the indicators used, and report or database formats show no common ground, either at the national or subnational level. It undermines the potential for this information to become an effective asset both for citizens and governments. It is essential to enhance national, regional and/or international collaboration frameworks to develop open data quality standards. It would increase citizens’ trust in these data and allow them (and government officials) to use data and take advantage of them as possible.

Open data are valuable for two main reasons. On the one hand, they allow citizens to be informed on the situation of the states and consequently analyse on a deeper level the decisions governments make (or fail to make) and demand any changes they deem appropriate. It reinforces vertical accountability (from the citizens to the government) and government transparency. On the other hand, the availability of information facilitates and promotes its use by governments themselves, thereby leading to more evidence-based public policies. Consequently, quality open data, based on standard criteria, and governments capable of producing them, should be a priority item on every country’s agenda and be demanded by citizens.

Text editor: Gabriela Keseberg Dávalos

  • ESPAÑOL

La necesidad de datos abiertos de calidad para la ciudadanía

La gestión de la pandemia implicó un aumento sustancial en la demanda de información pública. Las personas no sólo querían, si no que demandaban entender qué estaba pasando. Exigían poder analizar si las medidas que los gobiernos estaban tomando daban los resultados esperados. A su vez, los gobiernos la necesitaban para tomar decisiones efectivas teniendo en cuenta el impacto sobre otras áreas, como el empleo, la economía, el acceso a la escolarización, etc. Así, los beneficios (y la necesidad) de la apertura de datos quedaron a la vista de todos: Tener información pública de calidad al alcance de la ciudadanía fue fundamental. Permitía que ésta pueda entender y juzgar las medidas tomadas por los gobiernos, así como fomentar la toma de decisiones basada en evidencia de calidad.

¿Qué implica la apertura de datos públicos de calidad?

Publicar en algún lugar de la web, algún gráfico o reporte con algunos datos, en algún formato, cada cierto tiempo no es suficiente. Si realmente queremos generar mayor confianza en las políticas públicas y los gobiernos, es necesario que la información presentada a la ciudadanía sea de fácil acceso. Debe ser sin restricciones, actualizada de forma frecuente, en formatos abiertos para poder ser descargada y utilizada para todas las personas.  Además, es importante que esté desagregada por ciertas variables que permitan un mayor entendimiento, y una fácil comparación y análisis.

En el reporte “Nuestra Agenda Común”, el Secretario General de la ONU explica que la pandemia es un punto de inflexión.  Dejó en evidencia la necesidad imperiosa por reconstruir la confianza de la ciudadanía en el estado y en su capacidad de responder ante los problemas comunes. Para lograrlo, la apertura de datos públicos, como la calidad de los mismos, son un elemento clave. Para entender bien dónde estamos parados y los espacios de mejora en la apertura de datos públicos, CIPPEC realizó un estudio sobre la publicación de información sobre la pandemia de tres países federales de América Latina (Argentina, Brasil y México) y sus gobiernos subnacionales. Allí aprendimos algunas lecciones que podrían contribuir a una estrategia de datos abiertos.

Argentina, Brasil y México

En primer lugar, los gobiernos, tanto nacionales como subnacionales, están publicando datos abiertos sobre COVID-19. Como mencionamos anteriormente, las personas demandaron estar informadas, y los gobiernos respondieron. Esta experiencia tiene que ser vista como una prueba rotunda de que los estados, en mayor o menor medida, tienen la capacidad para recolectar, sistematizar y publicar información pública. Es hora, entonces, de exigir más apertura de datos en otras áreas de interés público que cobraron dramáticamente importancia pero que sobrepasan esta situación particular. Es fundamental trasladar los aprendizajes y prácticas a la recolección de información a otras enfermedades, a la situación laboral con enfoques en la informalidad, cuestiones de género, en la capacidad de acceder a tecnología, la educación, el acceso a internet, la situación de vivienda en términos de hacinamiento, acceso a agua potable, cercanía a centros de salud, etc.

En segundo lugar, hay asimetrías entre las publicaciones nacionales y entre éstas y las subnacionales. Retomando nuestra descripción de datos públicos de calidad (información accesible, actualizada, desagregada y en formato reutilizabale), en este análisis observamos varios temas. Si bien todos publican información, los criterios utilizados para publicarla no es estable para todos los países ni sus provincias. Esto resulta problemático ya que incapacita a los usuarios a poder generar una imagen completa de lo que sucede, no solo en una jurisdicción particular, sino alrededor de todo un país y en su comparación con otros. Para superar estas diferencias se necesita desarrollar una política federal de datos abiertos que permita equilibrar las capacidades de los gobiernos subnacionales y nacionales para producir, sistematizar y publicar datos.

Falta de estándares de calidad de datos abiertos

Desde un enfoque más amplio, en general, no es posible encontrar una estandarización en estos portales en sus formatos ni en los datos que publican. La estructura de las páginas, la construcción de las variables analizadas, los indicadores utilizados, los formatos de los reportes o de las bases de datos, no encuentran un espacio en común, tanto al interior de los países como entre ellos. Esto socava el potencial de esa información para ser un insumo efectivo tanto de ciudadanos y ciudadanas como de gobiernos. Es por esto clave mejorar los marcos de colaboración nacionales, regionales y/o internacionales para desarrollar estándares sobre la calidad de los datos abiertos.  Esto generaría mayor confianza de la ciudadanía en ellos y les permitirían (también a los funcionarios gubernamentales) manipularlos y extraer la mayor cantidad de valor posible.

El valor de los datos abiertos se concentra principalmente en dos áreas. Por un lado, al permitir que la ciudadanía se informe sobre la situación de los estados, ésta puede analizar con mayor profundidad las decisiones que están (o no) tomando los gobiernos y exigir los cambios que crean pertinentes. Esto refuerza la rendición de cuentas vertical (desde los/as ciudadanos/as hacia el gobierno) y la transparencia gubernamental. Por otro lado, la disponibilidad de información facilita y estimula a que los propios gobiernos la utilicen, produciendo más políticas públicas basadas en evidencia. Por ello, los datos abiertos de calidad, con criterios comunes y gobiernos capaces de lograrlos, son un objetivo que debería primar en las agendas de cada país, y exigirse desde la ciudadanía.

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  • Reducing open government data asymmetries in the Global South: a perspective from Latin America

    Making government data available to all is a keystone in improving public transparency and accountability.

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    There are challenges Latin America must address. The new generation of long-living old-adults need to finance their livelihood, and in…

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Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management in Mexico

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For more information, please visit:

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_to_integrate_gender_perspective_in_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_for_integrating_the_gender_perspective_into_comprehensive_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

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