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The Role of Rural Women During the Pandemic in Paraguay

By
Diana García
2022-12-20T13:56:32+00:00November 28, 2022|
  • ENGLISH

  • ESPAÑOL

  • ENGLISH

We aimed to learn more about the experiences of women who depend on food assistance and worked on family farms during and after the pandemic in Paraguay. To achieve that, we conducted a qualitative study with 22 farmers’ organizations and five female leaders from those institutions.
The mapping revealed the fundamental contribution of family farming and agroecology to the food security of the country’s population (Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 13). It also exposed the lasting limitations brought upon them by poverty (SDG 1) and unequal access to public services (SDG 10).

Faced with the loss or temporary lack of jobs in the cities, many Paraguayans returned to their farms. Families and farmers’ organizations sustained food, housing, and healthcare demand.

Family farming

The work of those returning members increased the production capacity of the agroecological family farms and community gardens. They provided food for the family and, in many cases, produced surpluses for merchandising. Despite the curfews imposed by the pandemic, goods produced by families and community gardens led by female farmers still had trade channels. They used local fairs and public canteens in urban areas. Thus, the “survival mode” expressed by these female leaders in food security was surprisingly evident through the increase in self-sufficiency and commerce in vulnerable sectors with zero food production capacity.

Before the pandemic, poverty reached 25% of the population in Paraguay. During the crisis, it affected almost a third of the country. Today, over 60% of the rural sector lives in poverty.

The role of women

Rural women suffer the most from destitution. They’re responsible for food production and for taking care of the household. Women also channel the most critical demands within farmers’ associations. It is especially the case for healthcare, education, access to land, and housing. The pandemic has aggravated rural poverty. Contributions and remittances to family members working outside and inside the country ceased, and the costs of access to healthcare and education increased.

According to the women interviewed, the deterioration of healthcare and education services during the pandemic led to increased poverty. In health, primary care was sidelined from the moment COVID-19 treatments became the main priority. In education, school closures and the transition to online instruction also caused significant harm to students from rural areas.

The impact of the pandemic

The lack of income in rural households prevented the provision of technological tools for virtual education. It led to school dropouts, especially among rural girls and showed the inequality in access to education during the pandemic. Another factor pointed out by rural women is that the pandemic has deepened gender inequalities. The interviews show that domestic violence, femicide, and teenage pregnancy have significantly increased. The fact that men were forced to stay at home due to the pandemic led to increased assaults on women, mainly girls and adolescents.

The interviewed female leaders propose post-pandemic public policies in support of:

  • agricultural diversification, self-sufficiency, agroecology, and merchandising channels for vegetable garden foods.
  • the provision of communication technologies for rural areas so the education system doesn’t segregate or encourage school dropouts.
  • measures to protect women in situations of gender-based violence.
  • ending repressive laws aimed at criminalizing farmer struggles for the right of access to land.

This article is a summary of the work “Rural women during the pandemic“, prepared by Diana García for CADEP.

  • ESPAÑOL

El rol de las mujeres rurales en pandemia en Paraguay

por Diana García

A fin de conocer las experiencias de mujeres en la agricultura familiar y la asistencia alimentaria durante la pandemia y postpandemia en Paraguay, se llevó adelante un estudio cualitativo con 22 organizaciones campesinas y 5 mujeres líderes de esas organizaciones.

El mapeo realizado develó la importante contribución de la agricultura familiar y la agroecología a la seguridad alimentaria de los habitantes del país (Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 2 y 13), al mismo tiempo de demostrar las limitaciones persistentes en materia de pobreza (ODS 1), y en acceso desigual a los servicios públicos (ODS 10).

Ante la pérdida o cese temporal de los trabajos en las zonas urbanas, muchos paraguayos y paraguayas retornaron a los hogares campesinos. Las demandas de alimentos, vivienda y salud fueron sostenidas desde las familias y organizaciones campesinas.

Agricultura familiar

Las fincas familiares campesinas y huertas comunitarias, de base agroecológica se vieron incrementadas en su capacidad productiva debido al trabajo de los miembros que retornaron. Dicha situación, no solo aprovisionó de alimentos a la familia, sino también en muchos casos, se produjo excedentes para la comercialización.

A pesar de las restricciones de circulación impuestas por la pandemia, la producción de las huertas familiares como comunitarias dirigidas por mujeres campesinas, pudieron tener canales de comercialización en ferias locales y a ollas y comedores populares de zonas urbanas.

Así el “lograr sobrevivir” expresado por estas mujeres líderes en relación a la seguridad alimentaria ha tenido su manifestación en el aumento del autoconsumo y en el aumento de la comercialización hacia sectores vulnerables sin capacidad de producción alimentaria.

En Paraguay, la pobreza, antes de la pandemia, alcanzaba a un 25 % de la población.  Durante la pandemia llegó a afectar a casi un tercio de la población. La pobreza se concentra en el sector rural en más de un 60%.

El papel de las mujeres

Las mujeres rurales, en particular, son las que más sufren la pobreza. Sobre ellas recae el cuidado del hogar, además de la producción alimentaria. Son las mujeres, además, las canalizadoras de las principales demandas sobre todo de salud, educación, acceso a la tierra y vivienda en las organizaciones campesinas.

La pandemia ha agravado esta situación de pobreza rural debido al cese de los aportes y remesas de miembros de los hogares con trabajos fuera y dentro del país y el aumento de gastos en salud y educación.

Durante la pandemia, el deterioro de las condiciones de servicios de salud y educación también ha contribuido al incremento de la pobreza, según las mujeres entrevistadas. En salud, desde el momento en que la atención básica se dejó de lado por la preferencia otorgada a hacer frente al COVID-19. En materia de educación, porque el cierre de aulas y la modalidad de la enseñanza virtual produjo daños mayores al sector rural.

El impacto de la pandemia

La falta de ingresos de los hogares rurales impidió proveerse de herramientas tecnológicas para la educación virtual, produciendo el abandono escolar, principalmente de las niñas rurales. Esta es una clara demostración de la desigualdad en el acceso a la educación en pandemia.

Otro factor señalado por las mujeres campesinas es que la pandemia ha profundizado las desigualdades de género en el sector rural. La violencia intrafamiliar, el feminicidio, así como el embarazo adolescente han aumentado según lo expresado en las entrevistas. El hecho que los varones se vieron obligados a permanecer en el hogar, por efecto de la pandemia, permitió el aumento de las agresiones a las mujeres, principalmente niñas y adolescentes.

Las mujeres líderes entrevistadas proponen políticas públicas post pandemia de apoyo a:

  • la diversificación agrícola, el autoconsumo, la agroecología y canales de comercialización de alimentos de la huerta.
  • la provisión de tecnologías de comunicación a los sectores rurales para una educación que no sea excluyente ni que promueva el abandono escolar.
  • Políticas de protección de mujeres en situaciones de violencia de género.
  • La supresión de leyes represivas que se orientan a criminalizar las luchas campesinas en cuanto a derecho de acceso a tierras.

Este artículo es un resumen del trabajo “Mujeres rurales en pandemia“, elaborado por Diana García para el CADEP.

 

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