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Who takes care of the women taking care?

By
Liliana Alvarado
2024-03-25T14:08:19+00:00March 25, 2024|
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  • Español

  • English

My dad has a brother and two sisters. Aunty Cristi—as we call her affectionately— and I have always been close. We are neighbours, and I visit her often. I remember that as a girl, one of the things my sister and I most looked forward to was going to her house to play “aeroplanes”.

For this game, we had everything that flight attendants at that time might need – neck scarves, lapel badges, oxygen masks, seat belts, among other things – thanks to Uncle Gorki, Aunty Cristi’s husband. He had been an Aeroméxico captain for 36 years. The nature of his job meant he was not at home much, but when I did see him, he was always pleased to see me. He has always called me “pingo” because he thought I was a naughty child.

My uncle is now 84, and for the last three years or so, he has needed constant care. Their children have lived abroad for many years. It means that my uncle’s care has fallen entirely to my aunt, who, at around the same time, started to show signs of Parkinson’s.

Like all women who are carers, this role has changed her life. She has lost the freedom to live the way she used to. My uncle needs around-the-clock care. It means my aunt has almost totally been cut off from her professional, social, and recreational life.

The case of Mexico

In Mexico and across the world, there are millions of cases like this. These women care for children and elderly or disabled relatives and are overwhelmed by the extent of their caring responsibilities. They carry them out in addition to all their existing unpaid domestic duties. According to data from the National Care System Survey (ENASIC) 2022, most households in Mexico (78%) have at least one person who requires care. Moreover, 75% of care work is unpaid and carried out by women. The figure rises to 96% in the case of early childhood care.

These challenges are usually met within the family itself. Yet, it is crucial to highlight the importance of providing female carers with different kinds of help and support and involving a range of private and public actors. It is vital not only to tackle the issue itself but also to raise awareness about the need to redistribute caring responsibilities.

Redistribution of caring responsibilities

Indeed, the persistence of women’s poverty will be debated this month at the 68th session of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York. In this sense, the redistribution of caring responsibilities could be a way of tackling this problem. It would allow women more time to pursue personal and economic development opportunities.

I was recently in San Pedro Garza García, in Nuevo León, Mexico. I had the opportunity to participate in a talk on the Care System with the Director of Integral Family Development (DIF), Irene Ovalle. She presented actions that had been taken to reduce the burden on carers in that municipality. One of them particularly caught my attention. It is related to home relief, whereby support is provided to carers for a couple of hours a week, making it possible for them to leave the house and focus on other tasks. Irene reported that these women were reluctant to leave their relatives at first. They feared that something would happen to them. But now they are very grateful for the support.

In addition, special transport was set up to take carers to critical places such as banks, health centres, and food shops. Carers also receive a grocery card and psychological support. This is crucial for their well-being, given that, for obvious reasons, these women often suffer from exhaustion and depression.

At the national level, more resources are needed. It is fundamental to scale up best practices, to have more and better quality child daycare services, to increase support for those with disabilities and the elderly, and to guarantee greater support of different kinds for carers. This issue makes me think not only about Aunty Cristi but also about my situation. I didn’t have children, and in this country, care homes for the elderly are not a government priority. When the time comes, who will take care of me?

  • Español

¿Quién cuida a las mujeres que cuidan?

por Liliana Alvarado

Mi papá tiene un hermano y dos hermanas. La tía Cristi, como nos referimos a ella de cariño, siempre ha sido muy cercana a mí. Entre otras cosas, porque es nuestra vecina y la frecuentamos con regularidad. Recuerdo que, de niña, algo de lo que más nos ilusionaba a mi hermana y a mí era ir a su casa y jugar al “avión”.

Para esa actividad teníamos todo lo que las auxiliares de vuelo de la época requerían (mascadas para el cuello, pins para la ropa, mascarillas de oxígeno, cinturones de seguridad, entre otros), debido a que el tío Gorki, esposo de mi tía Cristi, fue capitán de Aeroméxico durante 36 años. Por la naturaleza de su trabajo estaba poco en su casa, sin embargo, cuando coincidíamos le daba mucho gusto verme y desde entonces me llama “pingo”, pues en su opinión yo era una niña muy traviesa.

Mi tío ahora tiene 84 años y desde hace aproximadamente tres, requiere cuidados constantes. Mis tres primas viven fuera de México desde hace varios años y, en consecuencia, el cuidado de mi tío ha recaído enteramente sobre mi tía, quien casi al mismo tiempo empezó a mostrar manifestaciones de Parkinson.

A ella, como al resto de las mujeres que son cuidadoras, esta tarea le ha cambiado la vida, pues ha perdido la libertad de hacer su vida como antes lo hacía. Mi tío requiere atención permanentemente. Por esta razón, mi tía se ha quedado prácticamente aislada de actividades laborales, sociales y recreativas.

El caso de México

En México y en el mundo, hay millones de casos como éste, en donde mujeres cuidadoras de infancias, adultos mayores o personas con discapacidad, se encuentran rebasadas por una sobrecarga de tareas asociadas al cuidado. Esto se suma a las labores cotidianas del hogar, todas ellas no remuneradas. De acuerdo a datos de la Encuesta Nacional para el Sistema de Cuidados (ENASIC) 2022, la mayoría de los hogares en México (78%) tiene al menos a una persona que necesita cuidados. Asimismo, el 75% del trabajo de cuidados no es pagado y lo realizan mujeres, cifra que sube hasta 96% en el caso de cuidados para la primera infancia.

La mayoría de las veces estos problemas suelen resolverse en los círculos familiares No obstante debemos visibilizar la importancia de que las mujeres cuidadoras sean asistidas y apoyadas a través de distintas formas, e involucrar a actores públicos y privados. Esto, para reducir el problema, pero también para participar y concientizar sobre la necesidad de redistribuir las labores de cuidado.

Redistribuir el trabajo de cuidados

Adicionalmente, en el marco del 68º período de sesiones anual de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer este mes en Nueva York, se debate la persistencia de la pobreza entre las mujeres. En este sentido, la redistribución del trabajo de cuidados puede ser una vía para mitigar este problema, pues liberaría tiempo para que las mujeres pudieran buscar oportunidades de desarrollo económico y personal.

Recientemente estuve en el municipio de San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, donde tuve la oportunidad de participar en una plática sobre el Sistema de Cuidados con la Directora del DIF, Irene Ovalle. En dicha plática Irene expuso algunas acciones que han implementado para reducir la carga de las cuidadoras del municipio. Una de las que más llamó mi atención se refiere a los relevos domiciliarios en donde se apoya a las cuidadoras un par de horas a la semana para que puedan salir de sus casas a realizar actividades básicas. Irene contaba que al principio dichas mujeres se negaban a dejar a sus familiares por miedo a que les pudiera pasar algo, no obstante, ahora perciben dicha dinámica como un alivio.

Asimismo, se ha destinado un transporte especial para llevar a las cuidadoras a puntos de interés como bancos, clínicas de salud y lugares para abastecerse de alimentos. Adicionalmente, las cuidadoras reciben una tarjeta de despensa y ayuda psicológica. Esto es fundamental para su bienestar ya que, por obvias razones, estas mujeres suelen estar agotadas y deprimidas.

A pesar de este caso específico, a nivel nacional se requiere más presupuesto para escalar las buenas prácticas, para tener más y mejores estancias para la infancia, atención a personas discapacitadas y adultos mayores, así como para garantizar más apoyos de distinta índole a las personas cuidadoras. Este tema no solo me hace pensar en la tía Cristi, sino también en mi propia realidad. Yo no tuve hijos y las estancias de adultos mayores en este país no son una prioridad para los gobiernos. Cuando llegue ese momento, ¿quién me va a cuidar?

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RELATED POSTS

  • The Care Economy in the New Social Contract

    Community-based care services are key in helping women balance family and work responsibilities; however, they remain underfunded.

  • A new Indicator for Care Needs: Feedback session on the Basic Care Basket on the sidelines of CSW67

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RELATED POSTS

  • The Care Economy in the New Social Contract

    Community-based care services are key in helping women balance family and work responsibilities; however, they remain underfunded.

  • A new Indicator for Care Needs: Feedback session on the Basic Care Basket on the sidelines of CSW67

    On the occasion of CSW67, we gather stakeholders to work on a set of principles that ensure that the Global…

  • The myth surrounding urban Indian women

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Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management in Mexico

Mexico is highly exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and extreme rainfall, with climate change further intensifying these risks. Disasters often have unequal impacts, with women, girls, indigenous and the LGBTQI+ population  facing heightened vulnerability due to structural inequalities, limited access to economic opportunities, exposure to violence, and the disproportionate burden of caregiving responsibilities. Despite evidence of these differentiated effects, there is still a lack of comprehensive data to fully capture their scope and duration. At the same time, Mexico is at a pivotal moment with the current administration prioritising gender equality and the National Centre for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED) preparing its first National Strategy for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (ENGIRD). This creates a unique opportunity to embed gender and intersectional perspectives into disaster policy and practice.

ETHOS’ efforts are geared toward strengthening women’s resilience to disasters in Mexico, particularly hurricanes, through the mainstreaming of gender in the ENGIRD. This will enable women to better prevent, respond to, and recover from disasters. The project assesses the distinct impacts of disasters on women, adolescents, and girls, with a focus on hurricanes affecting Acapulco, Guerrero. It also equips decision-makers with practical recommendations, drawing on evidence gathered through in-depth interviews and surveys. Ultimately, the project seeks to generate gender-disaggregated data on disaster impacts to inform specific action lines within the ENGIRD, and to guide future policy development.

For more information, please visit:

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_to_integrate_gender_perspective_in_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/publicaciones/evidence_for_integrating_the_gender_perspective_into_comprehensive_disaster_risk_management_in_mexico

https://www.ethos.org.mx/inclusion/columnas/disaster_management_with_a_gender_perspective_a_historic_debt

Assessing Care Work Skills in Peru, Ecuador and Uruguay

In Latin America, caregiving has long been undervalued, with women carrying most of the responsibility both within households and in paid care roles. Despite the sector’s scale, working conditions are often poor, and opportunities for professional growth remain limited. Regional care agendas have therefore prioritised reducing the burden on women, redistributing caregiving tasks, and revaluing care work by transforming it into dignified, well-paid employment. Within this framework, Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) programmes are particularly important, as they shape children’s development while relying heavily on women caregivers. Strengthening certification systems in this workforce offers a pathway to increased recognition, professionalisation, and improved quality of care.

For this project, the Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE – Perú) and the Fundación para el Avance de las Reformas y Oportunidades (FARO – Ecuador) teams are working to enhance recognition of female caregivers’ critical roles, improve their working conditions, and expand certification programmes to create pathways to decent employment and career growth. The project contributes to regional knowledge by providing evidence on caregivers’ perspectives regarding the value of certification for their employment and well-being. It also offers a comparative analysis across Peru, Uruguay, and Ecuador, examining the characteristics, achievements, and obstacles of skill certification processes in ECEC programmes. By engaging stakeholders and disseminating findings across these countries, the project embeds a gender-sensitive approach into certification, aiming not only to improve care quality, but also to support women’s educational and professional trajectories.

Project video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fuSEpdHRnUVo3DTaNN6fGR4-59Q_bF3t/view?usp=sharing

Synthesising Evidence for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Senegal

Across Senegal, women entrepreneurs play a vital role in driving innovation, creating jobs, and supporting communities. Yet, their potential remains constrained by systemic barriers that make it harder to start and grow businesses. 

Challenges such as limited access to finance, markets, and professional networks, alongside entrenched social norms, continue to limit opportunities. Recognising this, the Government of Senegal has placed women’s entrepreneurship firmly on the national development agenda, seeking to strengthen existing support systems and craft more responsive policies. Initiative Prospective Agricole et Rural (IPAR – Senegal)’s efforts are geared towards strengthening the economic empowerment of women entrepreneurs in agriculture and other sectors in Senegal, through the implementation of supportive public policies informed by data. IPAR researchers have been working to understand with precision 1) the profile of women entrepreneurs in Senegal, particularly in agriculture, and 2) the systemic barriers they face, and their needs in terms of entrepreneurial development (such as financing, training, access to markets etc). Collaborating closely with the relevant government stakeholders, the team aims to inform the implementation of the country’s strategy in favour of entrepreneurship.

Creating Care Solutions for Women’s Economic Growth in Guinea-Bissau

In rural Guinea-Bissau, women play a central role in both household responsibilities and agricultural labour, particularly in the cashew sector, which drives the national economy. Yet, their productivity and economic empowerment are constrained by the heavy burden of unpaid care work and by the scarcity of childcare services. During harvest seasons, women often bring young children to the fields, affecting both their work and their children’s safety. This project explores an innovative childcare model tailored to rural realities, and designed to free women’s time, support their livelihoods, and strengthen early childhood development. By linking gender equity with economic productivity, the initiative aims to generate lasting benefits for both families and communities.

The Bissau Economics Lab (BELAB) team is working to reduce the time women in rural Guinea-Bissau spend on unpaid care work, while increasing their economic productivity and income. By expanding and improving childcare provision, the project also aims to strengthen children’s health and cognitive development. To this end, the team is piloting an extended preschool day to assess its effects on children’s attendance, women’s time use, mental health, and employment. They are also testing implementation strategies and identifying factors that enable or hinder effective early childhood development programmes. Ultimately, the project contributes to global knowledge on rethinking childcare in low-resource rural areas, particularly where agricultural demands shape daily life.

Designing Curriculum Pathways for Indonesian Girls in STEM

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education is essential for nurturing future-ready talent and opportunities in a digital and technology-driven economic landscape. It is a cornerstone of the country’s “Golden Indonesia” vision to build strong human resources and foster innovation to drive sustainable development. However, persistent gender disparities remain. While many women pursue higher education, they are less likely to choose STEM fields or continue into STEM careers. 

This gap is shaped by a combination of factors, including cultural expectations, limited early exposure to STEM subjects, and the perception that these fields are traditionally male-dominated. Schools play a crucial role in shifting this narrative and encourage more girls to pursue and excel in STEM-related subjects. 

This project seeks to advance gender equity in STEM education in Indonesia. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (CIPS) researchers are working with secondary school leaders to encourage female student interests and achievements in STEM subjects in order to increase more women to join STEM fields at the higher education level; while also contributing to the existing body of knowledge on gender equity within the country.

By engaging with local governments, school teachers, and consulting gender experts, the team aims to uncover the root causes of underrepresentation, map and identify barriers to entry, and develop practical teaching guidelines for gender-sensitive educational instruction in secondary school classrooms. The project envisions a future where teachers actively integrate gender-responsive learning principles into their classroom materials, and government staff at all levels prioritise and support schools in adopting gender-sensitive approaches that foster more girls and women enter into STEM fields.

Advancing Gender-Equitable Politics in Pakistan

Politics in Pakistan has long been considered a male-dominated sphere, despite women comprising nearly half of the population. Globally, women hold only about a quarter of political positions, and in Pakistan, their representation within party decision-making structures is even more limited.

While quotas have helped increase the number of women in parliament, their voices within party leadership remain minimal. Women’s divisions within parties are often inactive and guided by male-dominated agendas, leaving women sidelined from the very spaces where key decisions are made. Addressing this political inequality, which sits at the root of many other gender gaps, is therefore critical.

This Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) project aims to foster a more gender-equitable political environment by advocating for increased representation of women in party leadership and in decision-making. Through research, policy briefs, and media advocacy, it will highlight the barriers women face and propose concrete reforms to strengthen their roles.

Knowledge-sharing platforms such as consultations, workshops, and partnerships with parliamentarians, civil society, and women’s rights bodies will help build consensus. The ultimate vision is to secure legislative change that institutionalises women’s voices within political parties, paving the way for more gender inclusive governance in Pakistan.

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